The antiquity of iron in Indonesia is similar to the antiquity of bronze and gold (Table 1), which has convinced scholars to recognize a Bronze- Iron Age (Van Heekeren, 1958), Paleometallic Period (Soegondho, 1995), or Early Metal Age (Bellwood, 2017).

The Indo-Pacific warm pool houses the largest zone of deep atmospheric convection on Earth and plays a critical role in global climate variations. Despite the region’s importance, changes in Indo-Pacific hydroclimate on orbital timescales remain poorly constrained.

The Indonesian region results from the evolution and convergence of the Eurasian continental plate, the Pacific oceanic plate, and the Indian Ocean-Australian Plate (Hamilton, 1979). It is generally accepted that the physiographic setting of the Indonesian archipelago is dominated by two continental shelf regions: the Sunda
shelf area (or Sundaland) lies to the west, and the Sahul/Arafura shelf area to the east.

The continuous, curving Andaman-Sumatra-Java-Timor-outer Banda-Seram subduction system now bounds the Indonesian region against the Indian OceanAustralian plate. The Benioff zone of mantle earthquakes dipping under Indonesia from the trench has gentle dips at shallow depths but steepens downward in most sectors (fig. 1).

Ancient lakes as research models Ranging from 1 to about 30 million years in age, the earth’s oldest extant lakes are regarded as the aquatic equivalents of islands, and typically harbor very high levels of endemic fauna (Brooks 1950; Martens 1997;
Cristescu et al. 2010). These ancient lakes have revealed many rapid, adaptive, and nonadaptive radiation events and have provided considerable insights into the major driving forces of speciation; they serve as natural model systems for research into evolution and speciation (Scho¨n and Martens 2004;

From the time of the earliest European contact in the sixteenth century of the Common Era until
well into the twentieth century, the Bugis of South Sulawesi were organized into kingdoms.1 The
broad outlines of the political histories of the major Bugis kingdoms in the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries are known from indigenous historical texts associated with those kingdoms
and, after 1605, from Dutch and other European archival records.